(2017) and Xu and Peng (2020) presented a numerical fire and evacuation simulation for buildings. Jevtic (2016) highlighted the FDS tool’s potential to: (1) plan the location of fire detectors (2) illustrate the fire’s spread (3) predict the fire and (4) determine the evacuation routes. The FDS tool has been used to visualize the fire’s growth and simulate the spread of substances in a given time interval. In addition, a mobile application was developed to help evacuees and firefighters during fire tragedies. (2017) proposed an intelligent system for indoor fire prediction and disaster relief that uses BIM and Bluetooth sensors to collect data on the environment and determine the best evacuation routes. They focused on real-time two-way information flow and occupants’ evacuation. (2014) developed a BIM-based virtual environment to improve the management of emergencies in buildings. It enables firefighters to access online information about the fire conditions and fire-fighting equipment. (2013) proposed a BIM web-based fire management system that detects fire events and collects information about the building’s occupants. BIM has been used together with several technologies to improve safety indoors by: (i) locating and tracking occupants inside a building (ii) generating evacuation paths in real time and (iii) guiding users through BIM and mobile applications. BIM is a powerful tool for risk management, especially disaster and emergency response management. Since a building’s geometry and space distribution play a significant role in the propagation of fires and the evacuation of occupants, they should be adequately considered in the building’s fire evacuation management. Research on improving occupants’ safety during fire evacuations has focused on: (i) the use of BIM in fire evacuation management (ii) the development of early fire detection systems and (iii) the use of Fire Dynamic Simulation (FDS) and Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) to optimize evacuation routes. Scholars have attributed fire evacuation fatalities to poor escape routes, obstacles, and exceeding the required time to escape. Fire Administration (2017) reported that in the United States, between 20, around 20% and 17% of the fire fatalities in residential buildings were caused by egress problems and escape difficulties, respectively. In addition to standards and regulations on fire safety in buildings, significant work has been conducted to improve building occupants’ safety during fire evacuation events.
(2017), fires in buildings cause 44,300 deaths per year. A comprehensive fire evacuation system is proposed in this study.
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